And there's chess boxing, which combines chess and the sport of boxing. Robots in theory could be designed to play it well, but humans definitely have the chess boxing edge over server racks.
Arimaa is a game that was designed to be hard for AI to master. Its rules are quite different from chess, but it has a lot of chess in its DNA. It has since been solved, but it survived 11 years with a $10,000+ prize for the first computer to beat a human champion.
Now that we are in the age of AlphaZero, I think we are close to the bottom of the barrel of ways to design games to hinder AI. I would be surprised if I saw another pure abstract strategy game that favored humans over AI these days, the way Go and Arimaa used to.
Off the top of my head - somehow creating new rules, especially socially-dependent or open-ended ones, on demand might work.
I asked a similar question a few months ago and got some interesting answers:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24441073
Otherwise, I really liked this chess variant, although it seems near impossible to actually play:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Chess
Alice chess is a chess variant invented in 1953 by V. R. Parton which employs two chessboards rather than one,[a] and a slight (but significant) alteration to the standard rules of chess. The game is named after the main character "Alice" in Lewis Carroll's work Through the Looking-Glass, where transport through the mirror into an alternate world is portrayed on the chessboards by the after-move transfer of chess pieces between boards A and B.