That's only for pretraining a model. Very few groups pretrain models, since it is so expensive in terms of GPU time. Finetuning a model for a specific task typically only takes a few hours. E.g. I regularly train multitask syntax models (POS tagging, lemmatization, morphological tagging, dependency relations, topological fields), which takes just a few hours on a consumer-level RTX 2060 super.

Unfortuntaly, distillation of smaller models can take a fair bit of time. However, there is a lot of recent work to make distillation more efficient, e.g. by not just training on the label distributions of of a teacher model, but by also learning to emulate the teacher's attention, hidden layer outputs, etc.

Is there one model that you use more frequently than others as a base for these disparate fine tuning tasks? Basically, are there any that are particularly flexible?

In general, BERT would be the most common one. RoBERTa is the same model but trained for longer, which turns out to work better. T5 is a larger model, which works better on many tasks but is more expensive.

Thanks for the summary! I'm familiar with BERT, but less so the different variants, so that's quite helpful. I'll take a look at how RoBERTa works.

So far, of the models that run on GPUs with 8-16GiB VRAM XLM-RoBERTa has been the best for these specific tasks. It worked better than the multi-lingual BERT model and language-specific BERT models by quite a wide margin.

Great, thanks very much for the pointer, especially the VRAM context - I'm looking to fine-tune on 2080Ti's rather than V100/A100s, so that's really good to know.

The environmental impact of training deep models is a tiny fraction of the impact of eg mining bitcoin.

Also it's tiny compared to the server cost of big tech companies like facebook and google.

The pretraining is shared between models, inference is generally such more expensive.

the environmental impact of training is, generally considered to be a one-time cost.