Suppose you don't want to use a JS framework in your application, and you instead want to serve HTML and CSS via server-side HTML templating. I do understand the premise (mentioned many times in the comments here) that semantic CSS classes have somewhat limited value when you're doing all your HTML via templating.

Are there CSS frameworks that help with responsiveness, and work well with templating, but are designed to work exclusively with SASS/SCSS and not leave utility classes visible in the compiled CSS? Preferably something that doesn't start with "let's make h1 and p and ul all completely unstyled", and instead has reasonable defaults that let HTML work like HTML?