Thinking about the above further I notice the things I've learned over the years also require the ability to link problem to cause, or in my case it came in reverse, cause linked to problem.
I ran into problems for years, learned how to fix them, and then during code reviews (even in self review), discovered the cause behind these problems.
Sometimes these were causes that would only become problems at a later date because of knock on effects.
I don't know how you teach that. Possibly antipatterns / code smells which usually hint at underlying problems that may be elsewhere / at a different level.
Refactoring by Fowler and TDD by Beck cover a lot of these in good detail.
The examples are kinda dated but the approach is pretty timeless.
Refactoring starts from first principles, almost all examples include the reverse refactoring as often you need to undo optimisations a few steps before you can move forward in a different direction.
I was recommended working effectively with legacy code by the same types of managers that expect forever returns off the same code. They like to point out how that book encourages small patching without refactoring as refactoring is often fruitless in short term money terms, whereas Fowler tends to advocate refactoring as a healthy and necessery part of software development.
I can't say I hated working effectively. I found TDD by Beck more useful, and working effectively with unit tests to also be worthwhile.
All of these books cover a lot of similar ground.
If you're going to read only one or two I suggest TDD > refactoring and avoiding the others.
(Just my opinion based on what I got out of them reading after 10 years on the job, I suspect juniors might have a different take)
However, I have ended up inheriting a pile of crappy code driving business value a bunch of times in my career (data science is much worse for this), so for me, Working Effectively was really really useful as it provided ways to deal with the craziness.
As soon as I finished WELC, I ordered refactoring, and devoured it - but it is less practical for my situations, where there are no tests and nobody sees why they would even be useful.
In terms of good and impactful reads, TDD is probably the most bang for my buck I've ever gotten, in that it's super short and very very good. Kent Beck is hilarious also, which definitely helps.
Preach it! I don't know where this mentality comes from, but it seems to treat software as something that just magically solves problems and only needs a little upkeep to chug along.
The problem is that problems change, and a different problem is no longer necessarily a solved problem. It takes a lot of design effort to make something that can easily be adapted to changes in the problem space, and it still requires effort to make sure the software doesn't specialize itself over time into a corner.