Thanks for the information. I don't remember ever learning anything about <keygen>. It looks as though most popular browsers (not IE; shocking!) supported it in the past, but most have now removed that support. [0] Perhaps there were some security or usability issues with this functionality? (Off the top of my head, if user certs are a single factor how do we ensure that desktops with more than one user don't install them?) ISTM the PKI world is moving to more short-lived, or even ephemeral, certificates. A complicated user-driven certificate generation process in the browser doesn't really fit that trend.

[0] https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ke...