There's apparently not many documented cases, just 2 mentioned here, with the one at the link being a whale the ship had injured:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Alexander_(ship)

Sperm whales ramming ships that attack them seems less remarkable than whales in general attacking ships during the wooden ship whaling era.

Update: The article on the Essex mentions quite a few more incidents, but still only a handful:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(whaleship)