- speed
- overall saturation of tower (# users per tower)
- population density (full coverage of an area may be difficult)
- technology; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_sta... which could affect federal regulatory licensing costs, technology licensing and acquisition costs and competitiveness of market to provide technology, tower density, total user capacity
This is my laymen's interpretation. For instance, to blanket the US (9.834 million km² and 36 people per Km2) in LTE would be a significantly harder challenge then blanketing Myanmar (676,575 km² and 83 people per Km2) or even Norway (385,203 km² and 15 people per Km2).
Just look at the stats for Myanmar, 86 people per Km2, and I might be able to get most of them within 300-500k km2. My subscriber base is excellent!
And as I said, there are other reasons such as consumer surplus (rich people can pay more, so they do).
When prices are based on ability-to-pay rather than cost of provision, then that means there's a competition problem.
While Norway may have more expensive labour, I'm sure they farm out as much as they can offshore.
I wonder if Ericsson or Nokia charge lower prices for the same equipment in poorer countries.
One reason is labor costs. Imagine how much it costs to build and maintain one tower in Norway with its high standard of living for everyone vs in Myanmar where people will work for much less, and with lower safety standards.
And obviously providers will charge more if they can, less if they have to.