I've been CTO for a dozen startups, and this sort of thing would almost certainly deter me from exerting the effort required to go through the always-grueling startup process. It's hard enough not getting screwed over as a founder without wealth taxes!
Assuming that you are incredibly successful, you may need to contribute a bunch of money (mostly from interest, not principal) back to the common good.
I really don't see Mark Zuckerberg (as an example) deciding not to create Facebook because if he was incredibly successful he'd have to pay a wealth tax. It just doesn't strike me as likely at all.
This is (sadly) Paul Graham taking a valid argument and turning it into a reductio-ad-absurdam.
It's not like he believed he was gonna end up a billionaire when he moved FB to California.
You can't. Economic and political power are the exact same thing: the ability to direct other people to do your bidding.
The idea that you can separate them has always been a fiction, and it's a fiction that is perpetuated for exactly one purpose, to support oligarchic capitalism by keeping people distracted by their engagement in the hunt for the “one weird trick” to make politically egalitarian democracy work without dismantling the radical economic inequality of capitalism.