I'm not sure i'm following. Your inspection is something you would do with any product purchased. If your request is a discount or price because you found something that was wrong, then that would be between you and Amazon. I've never received anything other than a new item when it's happened at other retailers like BestBuy (This exact scenario with wrong HDD in external chassis).

I would argue that just like they bake in issues, you as a consumer have to account for that in your purchase decision.

There's no perfect answer, but i'm not sure you would be entitled to anything beyond them fixing the issue in a responsible manner. If you want something beyond, it's within your right to request that from them and theirs if they accept it. I will say, often if you have issues on individual packages with delays, they extend your prime by X days.