True but imho its somewhat of a fan-out or at the very least knock-on effect. The explosion in devops complexity is a necessary byproduct of the explosion of projects that adopt new languages, runtimes, datastores, etc. No one ever fully deletes and retires the old system, so the overall environmental complexity grows exponentially. The tools it takes to solve those exponentially larger problems (k8s) look ridiculous when you consider them in the context of "a rails app with some node stuff". But they make perfect sense when you say "every quarter or two, for a decade, a dev team has adopted a new component or two into the stack. less than three of which have ever been deleted."