Nobody 'owes' anybody a living. The situation is, we can give most folks a living, without everyone working. And those that continue to work, of course are better off because they earn money for that. No unfairness at all.
I think its the old Protestant work ethic, this attitude of "folks not working are immoral". We have to get past this, to make UBI a thing.
The literal purpose of UBI is to ensure that taxpayers do owe each citizen a fixed amount set at an average living. Making that a social obligation based on birthright rather than a potential future entitlement based on need is how it's different from social insurance schemes. The assumption if you're able to work and not interested in looking for it you probably don't need the money as much as other people certainly isn't what's wrong with current welfare states.
You don't have to believe that "folks not working are immoral" to believe that helping those fortunate enough to be able to choose not to work at the expense of those that aren't [whether by reduced benefits or higher taxes] isn't what welfare states were for.
Not average. It's Basic. It's just enough to get by. That's the incentive to work: most people want to do more than just get by. Anyone who doesn't want that would be a drag on any system, so that's a separate problem to deal with. But there are a lot of people who can't get ahead with the current system who would do better in a UBI system, and we'd all be better off if we could get those people productive and happy.
There's a massive gap between wanting something and doing what it takes to get it. If you were to ask people vs. watch what they do, you'll see the truth; it's never about what people say but instead what they do.
And I'd welcome any supporting research demonstrating that, based off their actions, "most people want to do more than just get by" as stated. My anecdotal observation is that most of (working age) society actually does just enough to get by for today, this week, or maybe the month...
If that's not done, then UBI would encourage migration from higher cost-of-living areas to lower cost-of-living areas. That might not be a terrible outcome; it would probably lead to balancing the cost-of-living across regions as the populations change.
Under means-tested benefits, how many people without work are discouraged from taking low-paid or part-time work because their social security payments are clawed back, resulting in no financial gain for them?
Well the proportion will probably be smaller than the vast majority, skewed towards the asset rich when state pension ages kick in, but I don't think it'll be zero. Though even if it was zero, you've got the problem that under normal circumstances a full third of the population already doesn't work or seek benefits, and suddenly you've got to find the funds for them.
> Under means-tested benefits, how many people without work are discouraged from taking low-paid or part-time work because their social security payments are clawed back, resulting in no financial gain for them?
Relatively few even without competently-designed tapers and EITC schemes, bearing in mind the number of people receiving benefits contingent on unemployment is normally a relatively tiny fraction of the working age population.
It is a little while since my 'experiment' with benefits, but in the UK benefits are a real poverty trap. If you take a single days work you can lose a month of certain benefits. Housing benefit was the worst. The next cap was a 16 hour a week rule, that after 16 hours work you lost some of your 'working tax credit', which made you worse off unless you could jump straight to near 40 hours.
Seeing the poverty trap for myself, I am a huge fan of UBI
If something like VAT were used, it would change things. Without dis-incentivizing real work. This system is already in use around the world, just not in America at the moment.
I think we can consider the results of just-around-the-corner-for-200-years automation-induced mass unemployment if and when it actually happens, although I'm still unconvinced that delinking benefit income from desire to actually find work or any other kind of demonstrable need would be the best solution.
There's a big difference between a welfare state designed as a form of social insurance to protect people from adverse circumstances and old age, and one designed on the assumption that those who want to work owe those who don't a living, and that the only circumstance that should affect how much people receive is whether they have the right citizenship.
Aside from the fundamental ethical rationale changing from contribution based social insurance to citizenship based entitlement, UBI would also represent a much larger bill, and a lower payout to the neediest.