If UK has FPTP, why isn't it a two-party system? I thought Duverger's Law means that its third party would die out to be more like the Green or Libertarian party in the US.
According to this article, the US is actually one of the only countries in which that law holds: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/duvergers-law-dead...
I can't put my finger on it but there's something about US culture that leads to sharp polarisation in social, racial, religious and political spheres.
Regarding item 10, the UK has FPTP but political parties other than the biggest two are nevertheless able to wield significant political power. Even if that weren't the case I wouldn't call it a tautology. Rather I'd say that the tendency of FPTP to lead to a two-party systems is one of its democratic flaws.
Regarding item 40, yes: most people would say that preventing crime is an essential function of government, but many countries value rehabilitation over punishment. You're correct though that there's some ambiguity about the meaning of "punishment". Without delving into the World Values Survey itself it's hard to say much more.