I agree there are stereotypes much, much older than this, of course - and 90s pop culture does not explain away the longer term discrimination. Still, if the question is about how white Americans perceive black Americans as a group, especially those white Americans who do not know many black Americans personally, I think you have to consider portrayals in pop culture as a factor. At least, that is my perception, as a white American who has only a handful of black friends, but who has a number of white friends who are/were into this kind of pop culture. At the least, it reinforces any existing fears that might have been initially planted by other sources (e.g. racist family members).

> I think you have to consider portrayals in pop culture as a factor.

Sure, but pop culture in large part expresses and transmits preexisting stereotypes (and even when it doesn’t, it is perceived through the lens of those stereotypes.)

I'm not saying it's not involved, just that it's not the source.

I agree. I guess the part I'm trying to explore is, when given a stereotype, whether the group that is the target of that stereotype seeks to try and change the stereotype, or exploit the stereotype for personal gain. It seems that a lot of white Americans, and (likely) a smaller number of black Americans, made a lot of money in the 90s (and probably today) exploiting the stereotype of urban black communities having a lot of violence. That is not to say that the violence was not already there, whether police violence, or gang violence, or violence of some other form - simply that this portrayal of black Americans became pretty common in the 90s. Contrast this with earlier shows like the Jeffersons, Sanford and Sons, Cosby Show, Benson, etc. Maybe it was a necessary step to go through in exposing real issues, but the way it was presented (I think) established a new stereotype that many young, black American men are armed. I think this stereotype is likely a factor in the way some police officers behave - fearfully, and full of adrenaline - which too often leads to unwarranted and unacceptable violence.

> the stereotype of urban black communities having a lot of violence

Urban black communities had (and have) a lot of violence. That's a fact, not a stereotype.

The stereotype is that this is due to the inherently violent, unintelligent, morally inferior nature of Blacks.