Also called agent fingerprinting. You can look at exactly how the agent is responding and make educated guesses at what agent it is. You think one HTTP request looks like any other, but there's enough little bits of information here and there to leak info.

The user agent is the simplest example. That can be spoofed, but there's more subtle traces as well, all the way down the stack https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_stack_fingerprinting.

Thanks!

The "user agent string" of the email client is different from that of the user's browser.