The US has no general, coherent, constitutional legal theory of privacy per se. Just the 4th amendment rule against unreasonable seaches. As distinct from ECHR general right to private life.

This leads to all sorts of "I'm not touching you" shenanigans where getting your data from somewhere else is perfectly fine, so long as they're not performing something that could be called a search on you specifically.

Then there's also the whole can of worms that (I'm not a lawyer but if I understand it correctly) the NSA can collect as much data about you as they like but it is not considered to have been collected until someone actually requests it

Don't listen to any of NSA's, or really the entire executive branch's, narratives about the legality of anything. It's possible to twist logic to justify anything when you've set out to do so - the legal equivalent of "I'm not hitting my brother, I'm just flailing my arms and walking forward". The only effective answer about legality is when these things actually end up in a real court, apart from the secret kangaroo "courts" they've invented. And as we've seen, these treacherous agencies will do everything they can to keep their activities out of open court.

"We are overseen by the FISA courts!" - NSA

"We don't have enough money to oversee the NSA" - FISA courts

Repeat ad infinitum

Many scholars are arguing that browsing history will require a warrant after Carpenter. For example, see Paul Ohm's article: https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/assets/articlePDFs/v32/32HarvJL...

The recent act by Congress does not mean it is actually legal to access browsing history without a warrant. It will be interesting to follow the development of this issue through the courts.

In the US, as long as data is gained from third-parties, your “browsing history” falls under the “third-party doctrine”:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine

Because of separation of powers, the judicial branch isn’t run by the executive or legislative branches. Also, the fact that the government isn’t a singular entity; it’s three distinct entities (each with their own sub entities) that are ultimately run by millions of separate humans, each with their own belief system.

Not really the same, you willingly give your browsing history away by browsing, and your ISP is a private company. Maybe if the ISP were more like a government-run library, which are famous for not being able to give away your book browsing history, it would be different.

This country speaks out both sides of its mouth all day every day. My estimate is the FBI will appeal, likely end up with a Trump-appointee presiding over the appellate court.

(I’m not gonna argue whether this is good or bad; I’m just stating facts)

While it is true that Trump has appointed a record number of judges during his term, it’s still only about 1 in 4[0].

As for the Courts of Appeals specifically, it’s about the same. Wikipedia says (as of May 21), he’s appointed 51[1], of which there’s a total of 179[2].

[0]: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/one-in-every-four-ci... (“Trump nominees make up 1 in 4 U.S. circuit court judges.”)

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appoint... (“As of May 21, 2020, the United States Senate has confirmed 196 Article III judges nominated by President Trump, including ... 51 judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, ...”; “There is currently 1 vacancy on the U.S. Courts of Appeals, ...”)

[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeal... (“There are currently 179 judgeships on the U.S. courts of appeals authorized by Congress in 28 U.S.C. § 43 pursuant to Article III of the U.S. Constitution.”)