This is one of the benefits of listening to a text-to-speech article over a podcast. You just need to pull up the article's original text and highlight it in that app (if you're using something like Pocket). Still annoying that you need to get your phone out but less so than typing up a note.
What I've personally found is it's way too cumbersome to pull the phone out of your pocket, unlock it, press the "Add Note" button (assuming the Now Playing screen is already showing, otherwise another click for that), type in your notes, and click save...and probably rewind 15 seconds because you lost track of the conversation.
But now that I write this out I realize a Siri shortcut could be apt here.