Definitely both, in any software you take user expectations into consideration. Also all programming language designers are humans most of who know English, this gives a shared cultural context.

Well, there’s some of both. Languages all influence each other, and most of them are “inspired” by a specific parent or two - “D is Better C,” etc. But there are also a handful of core CS ideas and computer hardware characteristics that derive a lot of what computers can do and how to do it well, and that stuff shows up as pretty universal across many languages.