As a mechanical engineer : No, my education didn't.

The problem is that most real world problems take too much time to really solve to fit in any modern ciriculum.

Hmmm. We had a whole course on measurement systems that get to the heart of understanding that source of your data and inevitable bias/error is more important than just crunching the data as given. For example, from a typical four year degree.

Not really. MechE courses are really theoretical, and the labs are focused on just being enough to demo the theories. Most of my professors had never worked in industry, they had been in academia their entire lives. Even they wouldn't know how to bridge the gap.

In an ideal world, we'd have separate tracks for people entering industry versus academia/research, but that's a long way off.

That's insane. ME degrees that I know seem to be defined by industry (ie. application of theory). Nobody pursues that degree to stay in academia/research. Anyway you can always pursue an advanced degree if you want to stay in academia. Don't get it twisted though - STEM is not a vocation as per your suggestion that "people entering industry" deserve a special path.