> Therefore, if a method is copied from one class to another, `super` within that method may refer to the wrong class.

No, super() checks that "self" is an instance of the given class.

So if you take a method defined in a class hierarchy "A -> B", and attach it to an instance of "C" (i.e. c.foo = B.foo) and call it like "c.foo(c)", which you have to do, since you didn't invoke the descriptor protocol to bind the method, you will get a type error, because c is not an instance of A/B. That is also true if you attach the method to the class (C.foo = B.foo); you can call it like a method, but super() still checks the type and will complain.

Also, if you take a bound method and attach it to another object (i.e. c.foo = b.foo), it is already bound and you can't pass a "self" different from the object it's bound to. E.g. if you are passing around a callback that's a method.

Note how Class.method is just a function, while instance.method is a bound method. That's due to the descriptor protocol of functions (__get__/__set__).

> That is also true if you attach the method to the class (C.foo = B.foo); you can call it like a method, but super() still checks the type and will complain.

You're right. Here's some example Python code:

    >>> class A:
    ...     def foo(self):
    ...             print('A.foo')
    >>> class B(A):
    ...     def foo(self):
    ...             super().foo()
    ...             print('B.foo')
    >>> b = B()
    >>> b.foo()
    A.foo
    B.foo

    >>> class C:
    ...     def foo(self):
    ...             print('C.foo')
    >>> class D(C):
    ...     def foo(self):
    ...             super().foo()
    ...             print('D.foo')
    >>> d = D()
    >>> d.foo()
    C.foo
    D.foo

Now, if I do `D.foo = B.foo` and call `d.foo()`, I do indeed get a "TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type". That's better than getting `A.foo B.foo`, as happens in JavaScript.

However, if `super` were truly dynamic, I would have expected to get `C.foo B.foo`.

IIRC super() is actually syntactic sugar for super(ClassTheDefIsFoundIn, nameOfFirstArgument), because there is no way I can think of to implement that as a function at runtime.

Yes, I think that’s right. However, I think it would work better if classTheDefIsFoundIn were resolved dynamically rather than lexically. Perhaps it would have been possible to do this by modifying the descriptor protocol?

I'm not sure that's possible, because you could only work with type(self), and that breaks MRO traversal. (A chain of super().x() calls in a hierarchy like A->B->C would always call the first parent class, because it has no way to tell >where< in the hierarchy it is. That's the reason why the class argument is required.)

I think that would need an entirely differently designed mechanism and can't be bolted on.

Interesting point. I'd have to look at my implementation to be sure, but Lox will also have this quirk, won't it? You can freely assign values, (as I recall) including functions, to a property on an instance.

Or does it only come up when a method is added to the class?

Lox makes a distinction between functions and methods, so you won't run into this problem. This is unlike JavaScript, but like most other object-oriented languages.

If you take a function (which may be a reference to a method) and store it in a field on some instance, the function remembers its original bindings to "this" and "super", which is generally what you want and expect.

Lox doesn't allow you to mutate a class by adding new methods to it.

> Lox will also have this quirk, won't it?

Possibly - I’m not sure about the details of method lookup in Lox. Does `this` even work correctly when a method is assigned to an instance?

If you store a function or reference to a method in a field on an instance in Lox, the function will remember its original `this` binding. That's what Python, C#, Ruby, etc. do and is generally what you want. It's not what JS does because JS doesn't really know what a "method" is, or at least didn't before classes were added.

Is it possible that there isn't a `this` binding? Does Lox allow access to "unbound" methods directly from a class, or are methods accessible only via instances?

Methods are only accessible from instances, so `this` is always meaningfully bound. If you try to use `this` outside of a class body, it's a static error.

OK, that solves the problem. The issue with unbound methods in Python is that they don’t yet have a value for `this`, but they do have a fixed value for `super`.

IIRC in JavaScript every method of a class has a [[HomeObject]] property in it, referencing the class it was defined in to solve this problem