Technically, number (a quantity) vs numbers (a series of numbers) would suffice. "Numeric" (as an input mode vs a number type) makes sense, too.

I think it's just an evolution of our education, preferred input devices, and specs all catching up with each other. On a desktop I just start typing numbers from the keyboard. On a smartphone I click on a credit card field, if the field expects "text" I have to click "123" then input the number using a number row with smaller target sizes. I would greatly prefer to directly show me a number pad.