For example you could create a cell called "cylinderbore" and have either a static value in it, or a value computed from something else, and you could set a radius constraint to "cylinderbore/2", or "cylinderbore/2 + 0.3" or whatever you want.
There's a demonstration in this 5-minute video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b07qbhYHZbU
(Contrary to what the video implies, you don't have to manually click on each constraint whenever you change your spreadsheet, the global recalculate button will do it.)
For the central driving paramterss I recommend using a spreadsheet, as others have mentioned. I usually call that "inputs". And then have another one called "outputs" if I need to calculate something based on geometry, like total material/weights etc.
(I use Fusion too, and think it's overall easier to use and more polished, it just seems strange that the lack of parametricity is what irks you.)
In Fusion360, you can create global variables/parameters, calculate new values from them, and reuse them across parts. I haven't found any equivalent "central configuration" ability in FreeCAD, which is pretty important to my workflow.