It took me a while to find the setting -- search Chrome preferences found nothing for "prefetch," and a how-to article I found claimed the setting was called "Use a prediction service to load pages more quickly," which also returned nothing, but I finally found it under Advanced -> Privacy -> Preload pages.

I was quite pleased, however, to find that this had already been turned off for me, and enforced, by uBlock Origin: https://imgur.com/a/9seIFEU