If society Z passed a law with a minimum three year prison sentence for jaywalking (pedestrian crossing a street without the right of away provided by a traffic signal), the incarceration rate may rise, but no one is wrongly imprisoned.
(replace with the war on drugs in the US, of course).
Honestly, while oftentimes human beings are terrible, humans are pretty decent otherwise... That all said, I think you'd find that laws really don't vary as much from country to country and that, outside of weird ones (like MJ illegality in the US) people will mostly adhere to laws out of convenience.
It would also appear illicit drug use in US is more prevalent than in nearly every other country.
Edit: I'm not sure how relevant this is to what you posted, but figured I'd bring it up because I think it's an important thing to note in the general conversation.
1. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/...
60% is meaningless in this context, it just shows that LEA focuses on the wrong types of crime. How many murders are unsolved? Whatever the number it is small compared to people who are arrested for whatever happens to be most convenient and profitable.
That's a very interesting theory.
How is it you conclude the US vs Russia/China prison population is indicative of the US wrongly incarcerating "many people?" The current estimates say US wrongful conviction sits around 2-10% with an 85% conviction rate overall, meanwhile Russia has 99%+ conviction rate overall (suggesting far more corruption and wrongful convictions) and China it is estimated 90% of crimes go unreported due to general mistrust of the system.
Based on US crime rates, the majority of violent and property crimes go unsolved...hell I think murder cases are around 60% unsolved...so how exactly is it: 1) US many times wrongly imprison people; and 2) Russia/China prison population have any connection to this conclusion?