It would be nice if actual statistics were floating around that identified causes of drug addiction. I grew up surrounded by crack and heroin addicts, anecdotally not a single one I met was pushed opiods by a doctor, they instead had a lifetime of drug seeking behavior and pooled money with other drug addicts, and whatever was cheap and available on the streets they took which often was heroin (now synthetics like fentanyl). In that same country pushing drugs by doctors was not common like it seems it is common in the US, yet we still had an enormous out of control street addict problem with no end in sight.

It would also be interesting to see Portugal research as they decriminalized all drugs, if they still have an out of control street addict problem and culture of drug taking, or Japan research why they don't have a drug taking culture.