Land based wireless communications are trivial to track and authoritarian governments already do so. A better solution could be satellite based communications. Or directional microwave/laser.
It's a very hard problem.
But satellites would also likely be controlled by entities subject to government pressure. (Perhaps a different government than the one in control of the local territory, but whichever, it won't always be in sympathy with the people on the ground.)
Tight-beam directional laser is an interesting idea, but does require a fair amount of advanced setup and calibration. And the base stations would still be vulnerable to detection if they're transmitting to something else that isn't tight-beam, like mobile handsets.
Perhaps balloon-based relay stations in the stratosphere, or solar-powered drones, which could be deployed without the expense of a satellite launch?
It is indeed a very hard problem.
EDIT: Further discussion, both on base stations and alternatives (packet radio, and the severe limitations thereof) here: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2158111
If only it was that simple.
Another thread on this subject:
So if we can invent a censorship mesh network(pardon my ignorance), two geeks can set it up and connect to each other. Then, another geek come along, and connect his node to their. Next week, doubled the geeks come. Next week, double the geeks come, but also documentation on how to build such a wireless mesh node. Well, you get the idea.
Once a lot of people is interested, geeks that manufactured anti-censorship kit can achieve an economy of scale.
Empower one individual; empower an entire crowd.