Ex. Price of oil doesn't count in future damages from climate change -> inputs to product are cheaper -> corporations profit while everyone is negatively impacted.
You really need a free market, with any global negative externalities taken care of by a government. I don't see why people (not talking about you) don't understand this.
I would argue that, in a truly free market, the "corporation" as such, would not exist at all. Consider that corporations are legal fictions created by the State and could not exist without the government granting their special "limited liability" status. That in and of itself is a market distortion.
IOW, if you, me and 10 other people get together, start a business as a "partnership" and build a bridge that collapses and kills a bunch of people, each of us, as owners, can be held liable individually for the damage/deaths involved. If we form a corporation, references to "piercing the corporate veil" aside, none of us stand to lose anything more than the amount we invested in the corporation. "Corporations" where created specifically to enable businesses to have larger numbers of owners ("investors"), and part of that was achieved by placing that artificial limit on the liability of the individual owners[1]. The reason for this was nominally a Good Thing, because it allowed larger businesses that could take on risks that smaller businesses would not be able to handle. But one can certainly question if that trade-off was justified... and as I argued before, as a distortion of true "free market" principles, this construct would not exist in a world which strictly held to pure laissez-faire / free-market capitalist ideals.
That said, I will say that there is a semantic aspect to all of this... the term "corporation" has a particular legal meaning in modern times, but the word in the popular vernacular, it is used differently in different parts of the world, and the meaning has changed over time. So just to be clear, when I say "corporation" I specifically mean the modern shared-stock / limited-liability corporation which is a legal fiction created by the State, upon registration by the owners.
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation#Limited_liability
On the topic of corporations, I can see the point about liability. There could be a world without corporations, and instead use partnerships with pass through liability. I wouldn't take that trade though, because if anything the world needs more innovation, and for the most part the liabilities are financial, and the counterparties are aware of the risk. Some liabilities do seem unfair to limit liability, for example environmental ones, because it hurts people who never agreed to assume any of the risk.
Yeah, I think that's true. If people expect perpetual growth, that seems to imply constantly growing revenue, which would seem to imply the need for constantly growing consumption, which would seem to imply the need for perpetual population growth, etc. My only point is that capitalism, in "textbook form" at least, doesn't specifically demand that. Now, maybe it's an inevitable emergent aspect of capitalism... I honestly don't know. Whether or not that is the case would be an interesting thing to research.
It hasn't. That's only true for a very specific aspect of capitalism, which is the speculation based, "buy equity and resell it later at a profit" model. But nothing specifically dictates that capitalism has to work this way. Investors can get a return on their investment through, for example, dividends. One could also argue that in a truly free market / capitalist environment, a LOT of the trappings of contemporary "capitalism" would not exist... corporations, for example, violate the connection between one's actions, and liability for the consequences of those actions. We rationalize that buy saying it encourages investment (and it probably does) and allows larger companies (it does)... but one can fairly ask if those ends justify allowing this violation of fundamental principles.