I believe rsync is the utility you are looking for.
Damn, now I'm ashamed of myself - it's since forever that I'm using rsync... :)
I think that when I tested this with rsync a long time back I did a similar mistake like this one https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28819379/block-level-cop... (doing a sync not over a network) and/or this one https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/3nhx0p/rsync_block_l... (doing a sync by adding/removing some bytes instead of just changing their values, as it would happen in the preallocated img-file of the VMs).
I'll test it again - thanks a lot for the info!!
Any recommendations about a utility (working on a layer higher than the filesystem) that can synchronize only the chunks of a specific file that has changed since the last sync and which generates as final result a "normal" file (no behind-the-curtains database - just copy the identical data from the local/old file and the changes/new data from the remote location to get a normal up-to-date local file)?