CPF, the Singaporean pension system, is a defined contribution system funded by employers. If you were working before it was created in 1955 (not many of these left), or before contribution rates were ramped up to meaningful levels c. 1985, or -- most commonly -- working in informal or self-employed jobs, it was/is entirely possible to reach retirement age without a penny to your name. There are some government schemes to prevent total destitution, but most rely on having family to support you, which many of the poorest don't (no children and/or broader family estranged).

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/ploughing-on...