Maybe not yet, but for example gradient descent - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal...

As for back propagation, I'm sure there are aspects in nature in which translate - maybe the nerves system of some species.

Way to see it is that evolutionary change of any form could in theory be modeled in machine learning. There may be aspects of evolution and how it operates that help refine how we do machine learning.