They do. Go to any supermarket in Brazil and there will be several different varieties of bananas, see [1] for the main 5 types. There, having just one would seem as understocked as an American supermarket with just one type of apple.

But they're grown nearby and can ripen very quickly. When they need to be transported between continents, I think that's what Cavendish is best-suited for.

Also to be honest, the difference in taste between the different types is a lot less than between types of apples or types of greens, in my opinion. The smaller ones can be sweeter and have more banana flavor... but it's not a huge difference.

[1] https://www.mundoecologia.com.br/wp-content/gallery/tipos-de...