I must admit it's not perfect. What I usually do is add

    _ = unusedVar

and then do the debugging stuff. Not sure why, but over time I ran into this procedure far less often but I do very pedantic error checking like

    return fmt.Errorf("foo(%v): %v", fn, err)

and putting in checks sometimes that can return custom errors. So in my log I often end up with messages like "bar: baz: foo(/data.txt): open: file not found". Debugging usually means for me replacing

    return err

with a more verbose

    return fmt.Errorf("...: %v", err)

and adding mentioned checks and/or additional log messages. Either with the log package or logrus. (And possibly adding unit tests/factoring out code into separate functions.) This gives me information content like in a full Java stack trace but in one line.

But YMMV, probably it also depends what kind of software one writes.