This is trivial to do in most languages (including Java and Go) if you just stop to think about it for a couple of minutes. Just pass some kind of context object down the call stack (or make it available as a global — make it thread-local if you need). Then when an error occurs, just call this handler and voilà!

This is, in fact, pretty much what Haskell does. Except this handler is in a typeclass instance, and this typeclass instance is passed down the call stack, it just doesn't appear in the parameter lists but in the type signatures. It's a bit lighter syntactically, but ultimately it's the same thing.