Like I said, I wasn't commenting about out-of-range or those other things, I was commenting about the surprising undefined behaviors. :) JavaScript and many other HLLs have their criticisms, but they are generally far less surprising than C. In particular, there are languages like Rust and (to a lesser extent) Go which lack many of the dynamic runtime features of scripting/VM languages and behave very similarly to C, but with far fewer footguns (e.g., no architectures with 9-bit chars!).