> I think you mean "Automatic Garbage Collection", rather than just "Garbage Collection". The latter is exactly what you do in C when you use `free()`, the former is an automated system that does `free()` on your behalf at runtime.

To me, the difference between garbage collection and other memory management systems is that gc scans memory looking for memory that can be reclaimed. I don’t consider free() to be garbage collection. free() is the final step you do in any memory management scheme, it’s not a specific technique of memory management.

With moving/compacting collectors, you never even call free(), and this is a huge advantage over a mark/sweep:

First mark touches all the live objects, then sweep touches all the objects that aren't live. You're touching every object every cycle. Yuck.

A moving collector touches all the live objects, but now they have new memory addresses. We never need to touch the old garbage at all! Most advanced GC techniques are around trying to revisit live objects less frequently, but they all have this basic theme.

Other memory management techniques explore the other side: Just touching the garbage. That's what happens when you malloc+free manually, or do (automatic) reference counting.

So the value-question restated is this: Is there more ham than spam?

If we have more garbage, then the ideal GC strategy wins. If we have more living objects (and few/no garbage) then literally anything else wins.

We do seem to have more garbage in atom languages like Java, Erlang, Python, and so on, so it makes sense that GC gets much more love than the other side of the fence, but I wonder often if we're missing a trick.

Your definition of garbage collector excludes reference counting, which does not require scanning memory. Reference counting is a form of garbage collection. The type of garbage collection you are referring to is the sub-type of "tracing" garbage collection.

However, I agree, "free()" is not garbage collection, but rather a form of memory management, of which garbage collection is a subset, and manual (free) is another.

It depends who you ask. In my point of view, "reference counting" is a strategy that has nothing inherently to do with memory management and can even be manual instead of automatic. GC as the name implies should involve a collector of sorts.

Plain old refcounting cannot resolve circular references, which are inevitably leaked. To avoid leaks, most refcounting garbage collectors have a heuristic to occasionally run traces to clear out the cruft.

I think the most widely accepted definition for "garbage collection" is something which frees memory automatically, as opposed to manually freeing memory (or other memory management schemes). In fact, the second paragraph of Wikipedia's page on garbage collection[1] says that "Garbage collection is essentially the opposite of manual memory management, which requires the programmer to specify which objects to deallocate and return to the memory system".

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_s...