I'm asking for the principle that divides one from the other, not the laws.
What prevents a reasonable claim that these laws you cite are unjust, given that it is just to extradite a foreign national for the transgression of a US law, that occurred on foreign soil?
A rather poor choice of examples, I'd say.
Extradition for blasphemy from the United States runs afoul of the dual criminality requirement. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_criminality)
The US also has no extradition treaty with China. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_extradit...)