> Are managers really necessary? Google wanted to know for sure, so in 2002, it experimented by removing bosses from its hierarchy. The answer was a resounding yes. Managers were critical not only for structure and clarity, but also for team performance.

What I love about this is that google had the research experience and the size that they were able to just conduct a massive study on themselves.

https://www.inc.com/michael-schneider/google-didnt-always-ap...