The "big switch statement" approach is for each bytecode instruction to complete by jumping to a centralized dispatch location (i.e. the switch statement).

The "threaded" approach is for each bytecode instruction to complete by decoding and jumping to the handler for the next instruction.

Basically instead of "break" you have `goto handlers[nextIp->opcode].`

The advantages of threading are fewer jumps and better branch prediction (since branch prediction is tied to IP). The disadvantages are slightly larger code and compilers struggle to optimize it, since the control flow is not structured.