Toyota is completely unionized. Toyota considers their workers to be one of the reasons for their quality.

More important, the executives knew about the pension liabilities when they accepted the job. It's been part of their planning and their guidance all along. Blaming the workers when those plans failed is cowardly.

Edit:

German automakers are also highly unionized. It doesn't seem to prevent them from making quality cars either. It really seems to me that executives blaming the workers is a US and UK thing. In many business cultures, it just makes the executive seem incompetent.

Toyota in the US is not unionized. Their one unionized factory in Fremont, CA closed several years ago and is now a Tesla plant.

Pension costs are not unknowable - that sounds like a failure to plan for future costs.

It wasn't a matter of not knowing them. They knew. They were negotiated by the unions. It was a matter of not having enough money to pay them. GM simply cannot sell cars at market prices and also pay all the pensions and higher wages that the union demands. It's not workable.

It could’ve funded the pension fund instead of performing share buybacks, no?

It can’t be said they didn’t have that $10 billion. They had it.