Neoplatonist thought holds the belief that the structure of the physical world is based on fundamentally basic mathematical patterns -- which is completely commensurable with modern physics. That they viewed the one as the origin of reality seems to provide a reasonable and human-readable perspective on how the entire universe of 100B+ galaxies could once exist in a volume smaller than the nucleus of an atom.
Math =! understanding. I have faith that the world is fundamentally reasonable and understandable. All models are Wong, some are useful, that sort of thing. So I appreciate the perspective of very smart ancient philosophers on this origin issue.
What do you mean it does not? Limit theory does that in great depths. Some cases are unaccounted for, but that might actually be due to the incompleteness theorem.
Modern physics (with its successful predictions) require complicated mathematics to understand. What makes you think that neoplatonist thought can help you understand a modern scientific theory?