I mostly agree with you, but this isn't exactly a case where the CFO can expect to be tried by a jury of their peers. Enforcing international law (or laws with international scope) in a single country that isn't one's own is a little problematic.

“Jury of [your] peers” is not a phrase that has legal significance in the US. The sixth amendment requires “an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed“.[0]

The indicting US Attorney will be have to show that some element of an alleged crime took place within the United States.

[0] https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/sixth_amendment

Since when are Chinese citizens governed by US laws though? Did I miss something there? There's a jurisdictional issue.

When exporting a product from the US, you are bound by the export laws of the US, if you then violate those laws (by shipping that product to Iran, say), then you can expect to be prosecuted by the US. If you then enter a country that has an extradition treaty with the US, you may find yourself on an unexpected plane ride to the US ...

Is that what Huawei does, export American products?