In that last decade, my friend has discovered there are costs with a remote-only development team and so has decided to insource technical, marketing, and management roles. Her clients are SMBs in the US, and business is growing.
So, one direct answer to your question about how a US freelancer can "compete with wages set at the global standard of living, including currency exchange differences" is to serve a US clientele whose products and services are closely tied to the US and (in my particular case) where being in the same time zone has a significant impact on getting work done.
I'll also add that the insourced group is implementing more reliable processes and producing higher quality deliverables to the consultancy, as measured by client satisfaction and owner feedback.
EDIT: Add paragraph regarding work quality of insourced group.
I rarely work a full 40 hours per week. I've been a freelancer for almost 10 years now. I've briefly done some part-time stints in-person in offices in that time and it was a good reminder of how much I hate being stuck in an office following an arbitrary schedule.
The entire conceit there is that you’re a commodity and you and the other code monkeys should bid for the job, because you’re interchangeable.
I know freelance Wordpress devs doing $200k per year, but not on Upwork.
Nearly anyone could live on that if they have a roommate and no kids.
If the business wants to deduct the expense, then I charge higher.
If the business somehow comes up with $2,200 a month in physical cash, then I won't question it.
Yes it's illegal, but that's actually for the IRS to prove and not me.
bingo. for a piece of work that can be well specified, separated out from the main workflow and then farmed out, it's natural, in today's world, for the customer to open the field globally. a little too natural.
so, the US freelancer is left asking the question: how can I compete with wages set at the global standard of living, including currency exchange differences?
there doesn't seem to be a good answer.