(in USA #1)
I never have, and do not ever expect to have to, worry about it, because Euro
Also, if a scenario is about a U.S. company, and pay in USD, talking about America seems reasonable.
But you can make decent money in rural America, if you have a family, and still qualify for subsidies through the aca.
Are there good books/papers that have good research on this?
The usual difference between part time and full time employment is subsidized health insurance, paid time off, and sometimes a 401K employment match.
At least with the ACA, everyone can get insurance, whether everyone can afford insurance is a different issue.
For people like IT workers in the right market, whether to go contract vs. full time is just a numbers question - can you make enough to compensate for having to pay self employment taxes, health insurance, and unpaid time off.
For people on the other end of the spectrum - those who are getting paid much less and have to pay thier health insurance - it sucks.
The people hit hardest are for some reason some of the same ones who support candidates who want to get rid of the ACA.
Now, between the tax cut that makes our marginal tax rate 24%, and that my primary job puts me over the social security maximum, my total taxes would be 32.8%. But I still have a magic number that no one has been willing to reach to make side work worth it for me.
Also $12-$14 hour is a livable wage in rural America, for full time hours, if you didn’t have to worry about health care.
The biggest issue with the gig economy is our insane health insurance system where the only way you can get affordable insurance is through your job.
But expecting college students to work for that amount is crazy.