One such example is dynamic re-compilation in Java, with e.g. inlining or uninlining based on recent profiling. This would handle the case where a certain (large-ish) function is on a branch that's often taken for some stable amount of time (where inlining gets rid of method call overhead), then often not taken for other periods of time (where un-inlining gets rid of the instruction cache bloat).

Artificial example:

    while (true) {
        if (timeOfDay < NOON) {
            computePi(); //should be inlined before noon, function call after noon
        } else {
            computeE(); //inline after noon, function call before
        }
    }