The Foveon sensors [1] have stacked diodes at each pixel instead of a Bayer (or similar [2]) sensor. The Foveon sensors don't require demosaicing. Some more recent cameras move the Bayer filter one pixel two additional times to capture and record each color for a single image [3] with some obvious limitations for moving subjects.

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor

[2]: e.g. Fuji's X-trans, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X-Trans_sensor

[3]: https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-so...