In Finland we have three tiers of formal programming education. There's vocational secondary school awarding "technician" level degrees, an alternative to more academic Gymnasium type secondary education (grades 10 to 12). The learning is very hands-on and practicality oriented.
Then there's "vocational" or "applied science" colleges you can enrol in after either vocational or academic secondary school. They offer four-year bachelor-level degree programs in various fields from healthcare to engineering. The education attempts to mix theory and practice (with varying success).
Finally there's the "real" universities, offering primarily five-to-seven-year BSc+MSc programs (before the Bologna Process you used to go straight to master's; these days the steps are somewhat more discrete), and of course PhD programs for those wishing to pursue an even higher level of education.
Ah yes, we have "applied science" colleges as well. What you describe sounds pretty much identical to the German system.
The real problem here in the US is that we have gotten away from tracking students at all levels, and we were never even doing it much compared with most of Europe or Asia to begin with. It's dragging down the whole system. But I don't want to totally derail this thread, so I'll just leave it there.
US has lots of its specific problems, but here we're really talking about an issue which affects universities worldwide almost universally - that university degrees became a differentiator on the job market. The vast majority of undergrads these days are not seeking advanced education or trying to push the state of the art forward - they attend universities to get a piece of paper and some skills that'll land them a better job. As universities compete for students and are (indirectly) graded by how well they prepare them for jobs, a feedback loop has formed that slowly but surely turns undergraduate education into vocational one, usually to great dismay of the professors.
Bootcamps are a joke. Germany has had proper vocational schools for programmers for decades. After high school, you can spend three years to become a Fachinformatiker (it's difficult to translate, but basically means "applied computer specialist"). There are two subflavors, Anwendungsentwicklung (application developer) and Systemintegration (systems integrator, this curriculum combines sysadmin and development tasks).
All that is entirely separate from CS courses at university, which is an alternate path that one can take (and one that has a higher entry barrier since you need to have at least 8 years in secondary education, i.e. until 12th or 13th grade). In the vocational training, you alternate between weeks at school and weeks at your employer where you work on actual projects under supervision of a qualified mentor.