Most languages lack one of these phases. C/C++ and the C preprocessor are completely different languages, you can't execute C code during preprocessing. That's annoying and the reason for the introduction of constexpr in C++11. Other languages are too dynamic to be handled by a static compiler, but might benefit if you could transition to optimized machine code at runtime. Except for Lisp, I don't think there are many other languages where such a thing is possible.