Getting useful data loads to test queries is much more difficult but you have a few options (at least coming from a SQL Server approach):
* Query hints to emulate larger sets of data (so you can see what type of IO you would get, of course multiplication is your friend)
* Check if your database offers something along the lines of DBCC CLONEDATABASE https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/database-console-... (gets you a copy of statistics from prod without the data)
* Building a data masking process so that the data is somewhat representative (in volume, mocking it such that the histogram of values is the same in your database is WAY harder)
* Building an isolated load test environment with something like distributed replay https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/tools/distributed-repla... (record workload, replay, measure, make your change, replay, measure, yes - it is tedious but that's a performance regression test for you)