Btrfs will detect these corruptions and result in EIO so at least corrupt data isn't propagating beyond the file system. While you can set metadata and data to DUP, and thereby get automatic recovery from corruption, it could still fail if the card colocates the two copies into the same page or block on the sd card. So if the corruption cause can affect multiple parts of a page or block, recovery may still not be possible. And also you're doing double the writes, so half the write speed, and half the lifetime. Another option is Btrfs raid1 if you can stick two cards into the device.

XFS has metadata checksums, enabled by default when using xfsprogs 3.2.3+ but data is a much bigger footprint so you can still get hit with silent data corruption. And ext4 any day now is going to start to default to metadata checksums as well.

For those file systems, you can use dm-integrity or dm-verity. https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/DMIntegrity