There are (SDCH), but they are basically abandoned and are close to being unshipped in chrome (which is the only browser that supported them): https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!topic/blink...
I looked into using SDCH for topojson, since it seemed like a match made in heaven (a lot of repeated bytes in many files that are usually static), but since it never took off in usage it is being removed. The only major site that used it is linkedin.
EDIT: the continuation of this is basically what brotli is. Gather a dictionary of the most common byte-sequences on the internet, pre-ship that in every client and use that as the shared dictionary. But it will never be as good for specific use-cases.
Are there any efforts underway to fix that? Seems like you could solve that problem by sharing the compression dictionary between documents transmitted over the same connection.