Which is worse. Null references are at least relatively fail-fast. SQL null propagates and so you get the error a long way away from the original source, like with Javascript's "foo is not a property of undefined".

Exactly. I've wondered why no SQL implementation (that I know of) has optional assertions like "join exactly 1 some_table" or "select assert-not-null(some_column)". I don't see any reason why this would be a performance killer; in fact, it might even be possible to prove and then cache with the query plan.

I'd guess that propagation is by design, such as for use in outer joins.

> SQL's null is a value.

It is known to be one of the major controversies because originally NULL means the absence of a value which entails that it is not a value. Hence, if there are no values, then we cannot do any operations. Yet, for whatever reason (avoiding exceptions etc.) expressions with NULL need to be evaluated and hence NULL is treated as a value. So we get a problem: NULL is not a value AND NULL is a value. There are different views on this problem and the solution implemented in SQL (and three-valued logic) is probably not the best one.

This is a controversy outside of SQL.

SQL is pretty clear what null is:

> “Every [SQL] data type includes a special value, called the null value,”[0] “that is used to indicate the absence of any data value”[1]

(http://modern-sql.com/concept/null)

[0] SQL:2011-1: §4.4.2 [1] SQL:2011-1: §3.1.1.12

It doesn't cause early terminations but it certainly does cause errors.

*Edit: exceptions :)

The problem with nulls in c++ etc. is that every reference type is forced to be nullable. There is no opt out of that semantics. You get passed in an object of type O and it is really a sum type of O + Nothing. It means you need to do runtime checks everywhere and reason across call boundaries. You need to look at he code inside that method! That so un-OO!

In Db land you can make a column not nullable. Bit the SQL languages like PLSQL TSQL etc have the same issue.

I would add: the reason it is a issue in C++ is because the algebra around pointers doesn’t support the NULLs explicitly:

  - the results of any operations over nulls run as if the pointer were not null
  - while anyhing you do in SQL with NULL would explicitly have a mapping to either a correct value or another NULL

This is all said knowing that it’s quite easy to understand why is that the case.

C++ references are non-nullable by design. They are sane in that regard. Pointers are nullable, of course, but at least they are syntactically conspicuous and anyway pretty rare in modern C++.